{"id":9397,"date":"2022-05-26T00:13:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T23:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/?p=9397"},"modified":"2025-08-13T13:27:03","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T12:27:03","slug":"queen-victoria-parliamentary-ceremony","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2022\/05\/26\/queen-victoria-parliamentary-ceremony\/","title":{"rendered":"Queen Victoria and parliamentary ceremony"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

During her record-breaking 70 years of service, Queen Elizabeth II has become no stranger to parliamentary traditions like the State Opening of Parliament<\/a><\/em>, and next weekend her milestone as the <\/i>first British Monarch to celebrate a Platinum Jubilee<\/em><\/span> will be celebrated with four days of festivities<\/em>. But Her Majesty the Queen’s predecessor as a female monarch, Queen Victoria, also witnessed many ceremonies during her own long reign<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here Dr Kathryn Rix<\/a>, Assistant Editor of our Commons 1832-1868<\/a> project and voice behind the VictCommons<\/a> twitter page, explores Queen Victoria’s approach to parliamentary ceremony…<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 17 July 1837, less than a month after becoming Britain\u2019s first reigning queen in over a century, Queen Victoria visited Westminster to prorogue Parliament. She had been persuaded by the Whig ministry to perform this duty in person, rather than delegating it to commissioners. The presence of the youthful new monarch generated widespread interest, with an unprecedented number of applications for tickets to view the ceremony. The St. James\u2019s Chronicle<\/em> recorded that \u2018at an early hour all the avenues leading to the galleries of the House of Lords were crowded with ladies, anxiously awaiting the hour for admission\u2019. In contrast with the limited facilities usually provided for women to access parliamentary proceedings, this was an occasion on which there was a strong female presence; indeed the number of peeresses within the Lords chamber was such that \u2018it was not without difficulty that many of their lordships procured seats\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Queen Victoria opening Parliament in the temporary Lords chamber in 1837, print by Henry Melville (via Yale Centre for British Art<\/a>, PD)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This chamber had undergone some hasty renovations ahead of the prorogation. Since the catastrophic fire of October 1834<\/a>, which destroyed much of the old Palace of Westminster, the peers had been using the Painted Chamber, having surrendered their previous chamber for the temporary accommodation of the House of Commons. The diarist Charles Greville considered the temporary home of the Lords a \u2018wretched dog-hole\u2019 in comparison with the \u2018very spacious and convenient\u2019 temporary chamber occupied by MPs. The changes made in preparation for Victoria\u2019s visit included fitting \u2018a new door under the archway\u2019 in place of \u2018the old wooden planks that hitherto blocked up the entrance\u2019, raising the level of the floor between this entrance and the throne, and replacing the previous temporary throne with \u2018a splendid new one, with the words \u201cVictoria Regina\u201d in gold letters, surmounted with the Royal arms, also in gold\u2019. However, the canopy behind the throne, bearing the initials \u2018W.R.\u2019, was unaltered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Victoria had not yet been crowned, the imperial crown was \u2018borne at her side, on a cushion\u2019, by the Duke of Somerset, while she wore \u2018a circlet, or open crown, of diamonds\u2019. She read the prorogation speech in \u2018a clear and musical voice, that was heard distinctly in the parts of the house most remote from the throne\u2019. Victoria recorded that she had \u2018felt somewhat (but very little) nervous before I read my speech, but it did very well, and I was happy to hear people were satisfied\u2019. One press report noted that \u2018her spirits were evidently improved\u2019 as she left the House, \u2018and there was an elasticity in her manner that showed the removal of a heavy anxiety\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the subjects referred to in her speech \u2013 drafted for her by the prime minister Viscount Melbourne in discussion with his Cabinet, but subject to the queen\u2019s approval \u2013 were recent amendments to the criminal code, notably the removal of the death penalty for a number of offences. In expressing \u2018peculiar interest\u2019 in these reforms as \u2018an auspicious commencement of my reign\u2019, Victoria identified herself with the qualities of justice and mercy with which female rulers were often popularly associated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parliament was dissolved on the same day as the prorogation, and a general election took place that summer, returning Melbourne\u2019s Whig ministry to power. Victoria appeared at Westminster for the second time that year for the state opening of Parliament on 20 November 1837. Whereas the ladies present had still been in mourning dress for the prorogation, for the state opening they wore \u2018silks and velvets, of all hues of the rainbow\u2019. The parliamentary reporter James Grant recorded that the demand for seats was so great that some of them \u2018took forcible possession of the front seat in the gallery\u2019, usually reserved for \u2018the gentlemen of the press\u2019, with the result that only three reporters were able to find seats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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George Hayter, Queen Victoria Opening Parliament, 1837: Parliamentary Art Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/queen-victoria-opening-parliament-1837-213907<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

It was not only the peeresses who were keen to witness proceedings. When MPs were summoned to attend by Black Rod, there was a great rush along the narrow corridors from the temporary Commons chamber into their allotted space in the Lords, and \u2018two or three Members \u2026 were thrown down and trampled\u2019. The jostling for position, during which MPs \u2018squeezed each other, jammed each other\u2019 and \u2018trod on each other\u2019s gouty toes\u2019, according to Grant, was so rough that one of the members for Sheffield, Henry Ward, dislocated his shoulder \u2018in the violent competition to be first at the bar\u2019. In contrast with this fracas, there was \u2018the most perfect stillness\u2019 in the chamber while Victoria read her speech.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Henry George Ward MP, via NPG<\/a> under CC licence<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Victoria continued to open and prorogue Parliament in person throughout the late 1830s and 1840s, being absent on only a handful of occasions, mostly when she was pregnant. There were, however, various changes to the setting of these ceremonies during this period. After an initial dispute about Prince Albert\u2019s role in proceedings following their marriage in 1840, he rode in the carriage alongside her to Westminster and had his own chair in the temporary Lords chamber and its successor. From 1842 a seat was also provided for the infant Prince of Wales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Alexander Blaikley, HM Queen Victoria Opening Parliament, 4 February 1845: Parliamentary Art Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/hm-queen-victoria-opening-parliament-4-february-1845-213707<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

On 14 April 1847, Victoria and Albert were given a tour of the new House of Lords chamber by its architect Charles Barry. This was used for the first time by the peers the following day. The queen\u2019s verdict was that \u2018the building is indeed magnificent \u2026 very elaborate & gorgeous. Perhaps there is a little too much brass & gold in the decorations, but the whole effect is very dignified & fine\u2019. The lavish throne designed by Barry in collaboration with Augustus Pugin was the key feature of the new chamber, and was far grander than its predecessors in the old Palace or the temporary Lords.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Joseph Nash, The State Opening of Parliament in the Rebuilt House of Lords <\/em>(1847)
(via National Gallery of Art<\/a> under CC0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The queen prorogued Parliament in the new Lords chamber for the first time on 23 July 1847, but it was not until February 1852 that she was able to use the full processional route designed by Barry with the aim of putting royal ceremonial centre stage within the new Palace of Westminster. Entering through the covered entrance under the Victoria Tower (named in her honour), the queen then ascended the Royal Staircase to the Norman Porch. From there she went to the Robing Room, and then walked in procession through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1854 Victoria prorogued Parliament in person for the last time, apparently because she disliked sitting through the Speaker\u2019s end of session summary, which she felt was like \u2018receiving instructions in public\u2019. However, she continued to perform her duties at the state opening until 1861, missing it only four times between her accession and Albert\u2019s death that year. Her husband\u2019s demise prompted a shift in her involvement with parliamentary ceremonial. She did not attend again for several years, explaining to Lord Russell in 1864 that she \u2018was always<\/em> terribly nervous on all<\/em> public occasions, but especially<\/em> at the opening of Parliament, which \u2026 she dreaded <\/em>for days before\u2019, but had at least previously had \u2018the support<\/em> of her dear husband\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Queen Victoria at the opening of Parliament, 1866, with the Lord Chancellor reading the royal speech (via Wellcome Collection<\/a>, Public Domain Mark)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

However, in 1866 an impending parliamentary vote on a \u00a330,000 dowry for her daughter Princess Helena helped to persuade Victoria out of her seclusion. In contrast with the diamonds and bright ceremonial robes she had worn at Westminster at the beginning of her reign, she opened Parliament in 1866 dressed in black, with a widow\u2019s cap and a long veil, and delegated the duty of reading the queen\u2019s speech to the lord chancellor. The new Palace of Westminster, which put the monarchy to the fore in its layout, its decoration and its symbolism, only hosted the queen for the state opening on six further occasions during the rest of her reign: 1867, 1871, 1876 \u2013 when the \u2018throng\u2019 of MPs from the Commons to the Lords to see the queen was \u2018so tumultuous, and so violent\u2019 that the prime minister Benjamin Disraeli was nearly trampled on while trying to keep the Speaker safe, \u2013 1877, 1880 and, finally, in 1886.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K R<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

W. Arnstein, \u2018Queen Victoria opens Parliament: the disinvention of tradition\u2019, Historical Research<\/em>, 63 (1990), 178-94<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J. Grant, Random recollections of the Lords and Commons <\/em>(2 vols., 1838), i. 9-26<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H. C. G. Matthew & K. D. Reynolds, \u2018Victoria (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and empress of India\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C. Riding & J. Riding (eds.), The Houses of Parliament. History, Art, Architecture <\/em>(2000)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C. Shenton, Mr Barry\u2019s War<\/em> (2016)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M. Taylor, \u2018The bicentenary of Queen Victoria\u2019, Journal of British Studies<\/em>, 59 (2020), 121-35 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. Wedgwood, \u2018The throne in the House of Lords and its setting\u2019, Architectural History<\/em>, 27 (1984), 59-73<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Follow the work of the Commons 1832-1868 project at the Victorian Commons blog site<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

During her record-breaking 70 years of service, Queen Elizabeth II has become no stranger to parliamentary traditions like the State Opening of Parliament, and next weekend her milestone as the first British Monarch to celebrate a Platinum Jubilee will be celebrated with four days of festivities. But Her Majesty the Queen’s predecessor as a female monarch, Queen Victoria, also witnessed many ceremonies during her own … Continue reading Queen Victoria and parliamentary ceremony<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37726181,"featured_media":9405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[124494893,4706867,73396375,774275647,774275561,1450539],"tags":[518253,16516458,35890,284412,220916,2702985,236151021,243899,774275510,1086111,495084398,749700102],"class_list":["post-9397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-victorian-commons","category-19th-century-history","category-parliamentary-buildings","category-queen-victoria","category-victorian","category-women-and-parliament","tag-benjamin-disraeli","tag-charles-barry","tag-featured","tag-house-of-lords","tag-monarchy","tag-palace-of-westminster","tag-parliamentary-traditions","tag-prince-albert","tag-prorogation","tag-queen-victoria","tag-state-opening-parliament","tag-temporary-houses-of-parliament"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/the_state_opening_of_parliament_in_the_rebuilt_house_of_lords_2008.71.1-nash-1847-nga-cc0.jpg?fit=4000%2C3344&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2QYNW-2rz","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1558,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2017\/06\/21\/state-opening-of-parliament\/","url_meta":{"origin":9397,"position":0},"title":"The State Opening of Parliament: When dissident acts become established acts","author":"History of Parliament","date":"June 21, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Today, the new Parliament will be officially opened. In his guest blog Steven Franklin (Royal Holloway, University of London) discusses the origins and development of the pageantry involved\u2026 In 1863 Queen Victoria refused to open parliament, citing her \u2018total inability...to perform these functions of her high position which are accompanied\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Victorian"","block_context":{"text":"Victorian","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/periods\/victorian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":10576,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2022\/12\/20\/top-of-the-blogs-2022\/","url_meta":{"origin":9397,"position":1},"title":"Top of the Blogs 2022","author":"History of Parliament","date":"December 20, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"It has been another busy year for the History of Parliament, and our blog site is no exception to this. Throughout 2022 we have marked anniversaries like the 1872 Ballot Act, focused on the role of the Speaker across our time periods, and even launched a new blog series, Revolutionary\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "History of Parliament Trust"","block_context":{"text":"History of Parliament Trust","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/history-of-parliament-trust\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/at-thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk.jpg?fit=904%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/at-thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk.jpg?fit=904%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/at-thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk.jpg?fit=904%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/at-thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk.jpg?fit=904%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1234,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2016\/05\/18\/sartorial-history-of-the-state-opening-of-parliament\/","url_meta":{"origin":9397,"position":2},"title":"Peers on Parade: A Sartorial History of the State Opening of Parliament","author":"History of Parliament","date":"May 18, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Today's guestblog is from Dr Charles Farris, University of Westminster, who discusses the history of the ceremonial attire worn at the State Opening of Parliament... Today is the State Opening of Parliament, an event which, for over 500 years, has served as a symbolic reminder of the unity of Parliament\u2019s\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Art, Fashion and Material Culture"","block_context":{"text":"Art, Fashion and Material Culture","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/topics\/material-culture\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Holding-Featured-Image-4.jpeg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Holding-Featured-Image-4.jpeg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Holding-Featured-Image-4.jpeg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Holding-Featured-Image-4.jpeg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Holding-Featured-Image-4.jpeg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19716,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2026\/02\/10\/representations-of-women-and-sovereign-power-at-the-new-palace-of-westminster-1841-1870\/","url_meta":{"origin":9397,"position":3},"title":"‘Unobtrusive But Not Unimportant’: Representations of Women and Sovereign Power at the New Palace of Westminster, 1841-1870","author":"History of Parliament","date":"February 10, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"At the IHR Parliaments, Politics and People seminar on Tuesday 17 February,\u00a0Dr Cara Gathern of UK Parliament Heritage Collections, will be discussing\u00a0representations of women and sovereign power at the New Palace of Westminster, 1841-1870. 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