{"id":18888,"date":"2025-10-30T04:30:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T04:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/?p=18888"},"modified":"2025-10-27T14:48:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T14:48:21","slug":"the-ladies-gallery-in-the-temporary-house-of-commons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2025\/10\/30\/the-ladies-gallery-in-the-temporary-house-of-commons\/","title":{"rendered":"The ladies\u2019 gallery in the temporary House of\u00a0Commons"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This article from Dr Kathryn Rix<\/a>, Assistant Editor of our House of Commons, 1832-1945 section, looks at the provision made for women to witness debates in the temporary chamber used by the Commons between 1835 and 1852.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the chamber used by the House of Commons before the catastrophic fire of October 1834<\/a>, women \u2013 officially barred from the chamber itself since February 1778 \u2013 had been able to listen to debates through the \u2018ventilator\u2019<\/a> in the attic above St Stephen\u2019s Chapel. In this cramped and uncomfortable space, a small number of women could look down into the chamber and listen to debates. An account in 1832 described<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

a circular shed of sixteen sides or panels \u2026 a small oblong square aperture in every panel serves to admit the heads of sixteen anxious females who creep, unseen and unheard, to see and hear. \u2026 Green baize benches surround the shed, and afford repose to the wearied forms of dowagers and damsels.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A<\/a>
Sketch of the ventilator by Lady Georgiana Chatterton<\/a>, \u00a9 Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\/ Baddesley Clinton NT<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

After the fire, many of the old chamber\u2019s features were reproduced when MPs moved into their temporary home <\/a>in the former House of Lords at the beginning of 1835. It was obvious, though, that the unusual means by which women had accessed debates would not be directly replicated in the temporary Commons, and initially, no provision was made for female spectators. However, MPs realised that their temporary relocation offered an opportunity for experimenting with new features, which resulted in changes such as a dedicated reporters\u2019 gallery<\/a> and the construction of a second division lobby<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In keeping with this, on 16 July 1835<\/a>, George Grantley Berkeley, Whig MP for Gloucestershire West, successfully moved for a select committee to consider adapting part of the strangers\u2019 gallery in the temporary Commons for the use of ladies and making similar provision in the new House of Commons. He dismissed the \u2018erroneous opinion\u2019 that there was \u2018too great interference of ladies already in the political world\u2019 and asked whether anyone would \u2018assert that the female portion of the population does not contain a vast share of the better intellect of the country\u2019. He noted women\u2019s access to debates in the pre-fire Commons and urged that they be given \u2018a less lofty but more comfortable accommodation\u2019 in the temporary chamber. He also suggested that it would be beneficial if, as some predicted, women\u2019s presence prompted \u2018the language of the House\u2019 to \u2018assume a softer, a more poetical, and a more civil style\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"An<\/a>
Portrait of Grantley Berkeley (1800-1881), Illustrated London News<\/em>, 12 March 1881, p.13, British Newspaper Archive<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The committee\u2019s report less than two weeks later recommended that not more than a quarter of the strangers\u2019 gallery should be partitioned off before the start of the next session to accommodate 24 ladies. It also stipulated that future provision should be made for 40 ladies in the new House of Commons. Berkeley\u2019s motion in early August 1835<\/a> that the Commons agree to the committee\u2019s report was narrowly rejected, by 83 votes to 86. Undaunted, in May 1836<\/a> he moved that the plan for a ladies\u2019 gallery drawn up by the architect Sir Robert Smirke should be carried out \u2018as speedily as possible \u2026 at such hours as may not interfere with the business of the House\u2019. MPs who supported Berkeley\u2019s motion dismissed concerns that there was anything \u2018improper\u2019 about ladies listening to Commons debates. The Radical MP for Wigan, Richard Potter, noted that<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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during the Session of 1833 and 1834, he had repeatedly observed hon. Members take their wives and daughters into the ventilator, particularly when subjects of importance were under discussion, and he felt convinced they would not have done so had they supposed the least injurious consequences to have followed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Among these wives and daughters was Harriet Grote<\/a>, wife of the MP for London, who recorded that \u2018one hears very well, but seeing is difficult, being distant from the members, and the apertures in the ventilator being small and grated\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less convinced about the need to provide for the ladies was the Wolverhampton MP Charles Villiers, who questioned whether there was any demand for it, as he was unaware of any petitions on the subject. He also queried how the limited number of places would be allocated. Berkeley\u2019s motion passed by 132 votes to 90, but further progress was scuppered when the Commons voted in August 1836<\/a> against granting \u00a3400 to fund the work. Although only 70 MPs were present, 42 of whom opposed the grant, this occasion saw the fullest debate on the matter. Members of the Melbourne ministry spoke on either side of the question, with the future prime minister Viscount Palmerston among those backing Berkeley, on the grounds that \u2018the ladies \u2026 took very considerable interest\u2019 in Commons proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His ministerial colleague Sir John Hobhouse was among the opponents of a ladies\u2019 gallery, considering it \u2018a very bad joke\u2019. Not only might \u2018the peace and comfort of men\u2019s homes\u2019 be disturbed by women wishing to discuss the issues debated in the Commons, but women\u2019s presence in the House would be \u2018most indecent\u2019, as \u2018in the course of a debate it was impossible to prevent allusions from being made which no man could wish his mother, sister, wife, or daughter to hear\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A<\/a>
James Silk Buckingham, attributed to Clara Sophia Lane, circa 1850, \u00a9 National Portrait Gallery<\/a>, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Such objections were ridiculed by the Sheffield MP James Silk Buckingham, for whom they confirmed the oft-repeated accusation that the Commons \u2018was at least half a century behind the rest of the community\u2019. He protested that after hearing Hobhouse\u2019s speech,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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one would think, first, that the women of England were at present wholly ignorant, and wholly indifferent to, the public affairs of their country; and next, that by the simple act of admitting some twenty or thirty ladies, chiefly, perhaps, the relatives of Members of that House, occasionally to hear the debates \u2013 the whole of the females would be converted into mere politicians \u2013 would cease to become good wives and good mothers \u2013 and be so many firebrands casting nothing but discord into every circle of society.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Berkeley tried a different approach the following year, moving for an address <\/a>asking the king to give directions to carry out the select committee\u2019s recommendations. His motion was seconded by William Chetwynd, who rebuffed the idea that \u2018the presence of the ladies would lengthen the debate, and induce Members to enlarge on subjects, and cause considerable delay\u2019, arguing that \u2018hon. Members would be less likely to talk nonsense in the presence of ladies\u2019. However, they were defeated by 92 votes to 116.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A<\/a>
Henry Melville, House of Commons, The Speaker reprimanding a person at the bar, Yale Center for British Art<\/a>. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

No further debates on the ladies\u2019 gallery have been traced in Hansard<\/em>, but there were evidently behind the scenes negotiations to enable its construction, and in March 1842, Berkeley was rewarded for his perseverance in securing their gallery with the presentation \u2018by ladies\u2019 of a piece of silver. The gallery appears to have been built during the parliamentary recess of October 1841 to February 1842. In late February 1842, the Court Journal<\/em> recorded the \u2018little known\u2019 fact that \u2018a small enclosure behind the strangers\u2019 gallery has been erected \u2026 for the accommodation of political ladies desirous of hearing the debates\u2019. Rather than the 24 spaces for women recommended by the 1835 committee, it had \u2018not room for more than 12 or 13 of the fairer sex\u2019, who could \u2018peep totally unobserved\u2019 through \u2018a space about the breadth of a hand\u2019. Access was controlled by written \u2018orders\u2019 signed by the serjeant-at-arms. After a seven year absence, women again had a space from which they could witness the proceedings of the Commons.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Two<\/a>
Left: Catherine Gladstone (n\u00e9e Glynne), Mayall (c. 1860), \u00a9 National Portrait Gallery, London<\/a>, <\/strong>CC BY-NC-ND 3.0<\/a> ; Right: Frances Anna Maria (‘Fanny’) (n\u00e9e Elliot), Countess Russell, Mason & Co (Robert Hindry Mason, 1860s), \u00a9 National Portrait Gallery, London<\/a>, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
<\/a>
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Among this gallery\u2019s earliest occupants were the wives of one future Conservative prime minister and three future Liberal prime ministers: Lady Stanley (later Countess of Derby), Catherine Gladstone, Viscountess Palmerston and Lady Frances Russell. They attended to hear the debate on the corn laws on 14 February 1842<\/a>, in which Lord John Russell and William Gladstone spoke. Catherine\u2019s account suggested that conditions were as confined and awkward as those in the ventilator had been, recording that \u2018I found myself nearly upon Lady John Russell\u2019s lap!!’ Frances Russell told her that her heart was beating in anticipation of Russell\u2019s speech, and ‘she was all attention’ when Russell began. The ladies\u2019 gallery does, however, appear to have had satisfactory acoustics, as Catherine recorded that when Gladstone spoke, \u2018we heard him very well \u2013 he was very rapid – without the smallest hesitation throughout\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A later visitor to the ladies\u2019 gallery in the temporary chamber was Charlotte Bront\u00eb, whose publisher George Smith took her there in June 1850. He recollected in his autobiography that \u2018the Ladies\u2019 Gallery of those days was behind the Strangers\u2019 Gallery, and from it one could see the eyes of the ladies above, nothing more\u2019. Bront\u00eb evidently found her visit to the Commons interesting, as when Smith went to find her, thinking she had indicated that she wanted to leave, she told him that ‘I made no signal. I did not wish to come away’.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"A<\/a>
Charlotte Bront\u00eb, George Richmond
(1850), \u00a9 National Portrait Gallery, London<\/a>, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Just as they had been in the ventilator, women were permitted to access debates, but kept out of sight of Members of Parliament. The grudging and uncomfortable way in which they were accommodated was encapsulated by the Birmingham Journal<\/em>\u2019s description of the ladies\u2019 gallery of the temporary chamber as \u2018the sweltering little stewpan assigned females by the gallantry of the British House of Commons\u2019, not what Berkeley had anticipated when he lobbied for their inclusion. The nickname given to the ladies\u2019 gallery in the new House of Commons \u2013 \u2018the cage\u2019 \u2013 showed that matters improved little after 1852.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further reading<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sarah Richardson, \u2018Parliament as Viewed Through a Woman\u2019s Eyes: Gender and Space in the 19th-Century Commons\u2019, Parliamentary History<\/em> 38:1 (2019), 119-34<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sarah Richardson, The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain <\/em>(2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am very grateful to Dr Mari Takayanagi for drawing to my attention the subtle differences between Catherine Gladstone’s account of her visit to the Ladies’ Gallery as published in Mary Drew, Catherine Gladstone<\/a> <\/em>(1919) and her original entry in her diary, held at Gladstone’s Library, GLA\/GGA\/4\/9\/1\/10<\/a>, and have revised this article thanks to her help.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is an updated version of an article originally published on the Victorian Commons website<\/a> on 8 March 2024, written by Dr Kathryn Rix<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This article from Dr Kathryn Rix, Assistant Editor of our House of Commons, 1832-1945 section, looks at the provision made for women to witness debates in the temporary chamber used by the Commons between 1835 and 1852. In the chamber used by the House of Commons before the catastrophic fire of October 1834, women \u2013 officially barred from the chamber itself since February 1778 \u2013 had … Continue reading The ladies\u2019 gallery in the temporary House of\u00a0Commons<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37726181,"featured_media":18894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[124494893,4706867,73396375,774275561,1450539],"tags":[35890,762283908,46587744,749700102,53607],"class_list":["post-18888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-victorian-commons","category-19th-century-history","category-parliamentary-buildings","category-victorian","category-women-and-parliament","tag-featured","tag-female-political-activity","tag-ladies-gallery","tag-temporary-houses-of-parliament","tag-ventilator"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/chattertonventilator-e1536667729338.png?fit=769%2C931&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2QYNW-4UE","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":901,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2015\/03\/24\/parliaments-politics-and-people-seminar-rebekah-moore-contested-spaces-temporary-houses-of-parliament-and-government-1834-52\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":0},"title":"Parliaments, Politics and People seminar: Rebekah Moore, ‘Contested spaces: temporary houses of Parliament and government, 1834-52’","author":"History of Parliament","date":"March 24, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"At our last \u2018Parliaments, Politics and People\u2019 seminar, Rebekah Moore, holder of an AHRC collaborative doctoral award with the History of Parliament and Institute of Historical Research, gave a paper on the temporary Houses of Parliament after the fire of 1834. Here Rebekah gives an overview of her paper\u2026 From\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Conferences, Seminars and Events"","block_context":{"text":"Conferences, Seminars and Events","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/topics\/conferencesseminars\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":18573,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2025\/09\/25\/the-temporary-chamber-of-the-house-of-commons-1835-1851\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":1},"title":"\u2018A place of business\u2019: the temporary chamber of the House of Commons, 1835-1851","author":"Kathryn Rix","date":"September 25, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"As part of our series on parliamentary buildings, Dr Kathryn Rix of our House of Commons, 1832-1945 project looks at the temporary chamber used by the House of Commons from 1835 until 1851, after its previous chamber was destroyed by fire in October 1834. The devastating fire at the Palace\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Victorian Commons"","block_context":{"text":"Victorian Commons","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/sections\/victorian-commons\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ycba_66e4c3ef-6875-40cb-ae2d-a3cd34e90793.jpg?fit=1119%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ycba_66e4c3ef-6875-40cb-ae2d-a3cd34e90793.jpg?fit=1119%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ycba_66e4c3ef-6875-40cb-ae2d-a3cd34e90793.jpg?fit=1119%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ycba_66e4c3ef-6875-40cb-ae2d-a3cd34e90793.jpg?fit=1119%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ycba_66e4c3ef-6875-40cb-ae2d-a3cd34e90793.jpg?fit=1119%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":18526,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2025\/09\/08\/the-reporters-gallery-in-the-nineteenth-century-house-of-commons\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":2},"title":"\u2018The status of the Press is changed indeed\u2019: the reporters\u2019 gallery in the nineteenth-century House of Commons","author":"Kathryn Rix","date":"September 8, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Continuing our series on parliamentary buildings, Dr Kathryn Rix looks at the accommodation provided for the newspaper journalists who reported on the proceedings of the nineteenth-century House of Commons. The history of parliamentary reporting in the 19th century has two connected strands: the history of Hansard, and the history of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "19th Century history"","block_context":{"text":"19th Century history","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/centuries\/19th-century-history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ReportersGallerycloseupILN4Feb1843.jpg?fit=759%2C293&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ReportersGallerycloseupILN4Feb1843.jpg?fit=759%2C293&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ReportersGallerycloseupILN4Feb1843.jpg?fit=759%2C293&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ReportersGallerycloseupILN4Feb1843.jpg?fit=759%2C293&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2394,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2018\/07\/10\/voice-and-vote-behind-scenes\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":3},"title":"Voice and Vote: behind the scenes","author":"History of Parliament","date":"July 10, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"This blog looks at how the History of Parliament has been involved behind the scenes with the Voice and Vote exhibition which opened in Westminster Hall last week. Dr. Philip Salmon and Dr. Kathryn Rix of the Victorian Commons project share their contributions to the reconstructions of the \u2018ventilator\u2019 and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Conferences, Seminars and Events"","block_context":{"text":"Conferences, Seminars and Events","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/topics\/conferencesseminars\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/vvposter.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/vvposter.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/vvposter.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/vvposter.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2213,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2018\/03\/15\/symbolising-political-change-space-and-the-temporary-house-of-commons\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":4},"title":"Symbolising political change: space and the temporary House of Commons","author":"History of Parliament","date":"March 15, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Rebekah Moore is currently completing a PhD (Institute of Historical Research\/History of Parliament) on the temporary Houses of Parliament and the new Palace of Westminster, 1830-1860. In this guest blog, she draws some parallels between the current proposals for Restoration and Renewal at Westminster and events in the nineteenth century.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Victorian"","block_context":{"text":"Victorian","link":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/category\/periods\/victorian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"WOA 15 temporary house of commons","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/historyofparliament.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/woa-15-temporary-house-of-commons.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7050,"url":"https:\/\/historyofparliament.com\/2021\/04\/27\/adapting-the-chambers-of-parliament\/","url_meta":{"origin":18888,"position":5},"title":"Adapting the chambers of Parliament: from the galleries of the 18th-century Lords to the division lobbies of the 19th-century Commons","author":"Kathryn Rix","date":"April 27, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Ahead of next Tuesday\u2019s Virtual\u00a0IHR Parliaments, Politics and People seminar, we hear from Dr Robin Eagles and Dr Kathryn Rix, of the History of Parliament. 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